<p>Ye Olde Edgar is at 86 and 88 Lower Bridge Street, on the corner of Shipgate Street, Chester, Cheshire. England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building dates probably from the late 16th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>It has basically a timber-framed structure, part of which has been replaced in brick. Its panels are plastered, and it is roofed in grey slate. The building is in two storeys, with two bays facing each street. The lower storey is mainly in painted brick, with brackets supporting the jettied upper storey. The side facing Lower Bridge Street contains three casement windows, and that facing Shipgate Street has two similar windows and a doorway. The upper storey is timber-framed, with close studding. On the side facing Lower Bridge Street are two five-light mullioned windows, above which are two blank gables; that facing Shipgate Street has two two-light mullioned windows, above which are two gables, each containing a four-light mullioned window. The rear of the building is clad in brick.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>It is thought that the name commemorates King Edgar who visited Chester in 973.</p><br>
<p>The Tudor House is a shop and house at 29 and 31 Lower Bridge Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built for a wealthy merchant. It was probably built in 1603. Above the door is a plaque inscribed with the date 1503, but this is an error because the building has been dated to the early 17th century by dendrochronology. It was extended to the rear in the middle of the 17th century, and in 1728 it was rebuilt, enclosing the portion of the Row passing through its first floor. At street level are two undercrofts. In the past one undercroft was in use as a bakehouse, while the other formed part of the Britannia Inn. The building has subsequently been used as a café on the ground floor, with an apartment above it. The timber framing on the south side of the building was reconstructed in 1973–74.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Tudor House is constructed in sandstone, in brick, and in timber framing with plaster panels, and is roofed in slate. It has four storeys plus a cellar. The lower two storeys are in brick, with timber-framing above. The entrance door at street level is in a doorway with a Tudor arch, and on each side of it is a two-pane window. Above the windows are headboards inscribed "TUDOR" and "HOUSE". The first floor contains three casement windows. The two top storeys are both jettied and timber-framed. The third storey contains two three-light mullioned and transomed casement windows, with panels containing S-shaped braces on their outer sides. The top storey has one three-light mullioned window over four arched panels. To the side of it are panels containing S-shaped braces, and above it is a gable with lozenge- and S-shaped braces. The lower two storeys on the south side of the house are constructed in sandstone, with timber-framing above.</p><br>
<p>The Kollwesshöh is, at, the highest hill in the Stemweder Berg, the smallest and northernmost range of the Central Uplands in Germany, and also the highest point in the North German Plain north of the Bückeberge.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the district of Minden-Lübbecke in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. To the west-northwest is its neighbour, the Scharfer Berg, which is almost as high.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the hill comprises two parts: Kollwess and höh.The first stems from the fact that the land on which the hill lies used to belong to the Kohlwes family in Wehdem. The second part is related to Höhe, the German word for "height". As a result of transcription errors between maps in the 19th century there were various versions of the name, but eventually the name Kollwesshöh was settled on.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Kollwesshöh is part of the Stemweder Berg which in turn lies within the Dümmer Nature Park. It is also north of Westrup, a parish in the southern part of the municipality of Stemwede.</p><br>
<p>The Kollwesshöh may be accessed, for example, from Westrup by taking forest tracks heading northwest that link it with the Scharfer Berg.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Just under 1 kilometre north of the Kollwesshöh on the White Way (Weißer Weg) is a Bronze Age tumulus that is worth seeing.</p><br>
<p>The Pied Bull Hotel is located at 57 Northgate Street, on the corner of King Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building dates from the 17th century, probably in the site of two medieval tenements. It was partly refronted in the later part of the 17th century, and extended to the rear in the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The hotel is constructed in brick, with some sandstone and timber framing, and has grey slate roofs. It is in three storeys with cellars. On the Northgate Street side of the building is a three-arched arcade, above which are two storeys in Flemish bond brick. The rear face to the arcade is timber framed and includes an entrance containing a 17th-century door, with a slightly bayed window on each side. On the corners of the building are sandstone quoins. In the upper two storeys are sash windows, and at the top is a plain stone coped parapet.</p><br>
<p>Most of the historical features have been removed from the interior. The features retained include a large sandstone fireplace in the front room, which dates probably from the early or mid-17th century, and the 17th-century carved oak staircase.</p><br>
<p>Aspen is a lake of Botkyrka Municipality, Södermanland, Sweden. The lake is crossed by the European route E4/European route E20 and is located about 20 kilometres southwest of Stockholm, the Swedish capital. It has an area of 1,847 km².</p><br>
<p>During the Stone Age, Aspen was in the ocean, but was uplifted by the time of the Bronze Age. Bronze Age settlements grew up around the lake and for some thousand years Iron Age farms were around the lake. The area developed during this period. A graveyard from that period is preserved in the area.</p><br>
<p>Skrävsta Ekholmen nature reserve is in the vicinity of the lake with about sixty large oak trees, half of which are centuries old. There are large bats and many other rare animal and plant species. Around the lake is a nature trail at 7½ km length. The path leads through the woods, high above the marsh.</p><br>
<p>Glover Archbold Park is a 183-acre, frequently-used, quasi-natural, stream-valley park in Northwest, Washington, D.C., on the western edge of Georgetown University and the Burleith-Hillandale, Glover Park, Mclean Gardens, and Westchester neighborhoods. It is a welcome change from the general urban landscape and includes Foundry Branch from Van Ness Street, to Canal Road, along the Potomac River. Several temporary streams, some originating from springs, flow into Foundry Branch. This park is one of the "finger parks" of Rock Creek Park, administered by the National Park Service . It prohibits removal of anything from the natural areas of the park. Also, to help preserve it, the NPS prohibits off-leash dogs, bicycles, and motorized vehicles in the park. Dog walkers, hikers, and joggers are often in the park. The park contains a historical Victory Garden adjacent to W Street, N.W. Nature, Gardens, and Georgetown  includes a chapter on the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Glover Archbold Park is named after Charles Carroll Glover and Anne Mills Archbold, who donated its land, in 1924. The Glover familys pronunciation of its name is "glove er." The National Park Service currently does not hyphenate "Glover Archbold Park." Some people erroneously call the park Glover Archibald Park.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, Senator Carl Hayden proposed to build a four-lane divided highway called Arizona Avenue through the Glover Archbold Park, from Canal Road in Georgetown to Wisconsin Avenue in Friendship Heights. Haydens proposed highway was not built; the path is now the Glover Archbold Trail and the Massachusetts-39th Trail. Weaver Street and Weaver Place were renamed Arizona Avenue in 1954 after a suggestion by the American University Park Citizens Association. In 1963, the conservationist and writer Rachel Carson, accompanied by several members of the Audubon Naturalist Society, visited Glover Archbold Park. Georgetown University students have been studying and learning from the park since at least 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Biota</h2><br>
<p>The park contains thousands of species in the life domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. There may be over 200 fungus species in the park, including artists fungus, black locust shelf fungus, hedge-hog fungus, hen-of-the-woods, pear-shaped puffball, and turkey-tail fungus. Its trees include ashleaf maples, American beeches, American elms, black haws, cottonwoods, eastern redbuds, eastern sycamores, princesstrees, spicebushes, trees-of-heaven, tuliptrees, and white oaks. Its spring ephemerals include spring-beauties and cutleaf toothworts. Other wildflowers in the park are asters, elephants-foot, wingstem, and yellow jewelweed. Two native plant species that are evidently now extinct in the park are round-lobed hepatica and trailing arbutus. Both ground and climbing forms of poison-ivy are common in Glover Archbold Park. In about 2000, highly pestiferous Asian tiger mosquitoes first appeared in the park. In 2004, adult 17-year cicadas were common there. A rare harvester butterfly was seen in the park. Some of its other insects are black swallowtails, Chinese mantids, eastern carpenter bees, eastern-tailed blues, eastern tiger swallowtails, Andrena erigeniae bees, false honey ants, impatient bumblebees, imperial moths, monarchs, Pecks skippers, Pennsylvania soldier beetles, sachem skippers, silver-spotted skippers, spicebush swallowtails, spring azures, summer azures, western honey bees, and zebra swallowtails. The park has a significant invasion of nonnative plants, including Asiatic bittersweet, bamboo, common periwinkle, English ivy, garlic-mustard, gill-over-the-ground, Japanese honeysuckle, lesser celandine, wild-garlic, and wintercreeper. Once a 2-foot tall, nonnative, tropical papaya seedling grew in the stream bed. Because people have altered the parks landscape so much, native fish are no longer in the stream. Eastern box turtles, frogs, and toads are rare or extinct in the park, not to mention American black bears, American elk, bison, and timber wolves which once lived in the Washington, D.C. area. Its birds include American robins, barred owls, blue jays, Carolina wrens, catbirds, common crows, fish crows, northern cardinals, northern mockingbirds, and wood thrushes. Mammals in the park include common raccoons, coyotes, domestic cats, domestic dogs, gray foxes, humans, short-tailed shrews, Virginia opossums, white-footed mice, and white-tailed deer.</p><br>
<h2>Park challenges</h2><br>
<p>Many things have and are degrading Glover Archbold Park, including air, fertilizer, soil, and water pollution. The sewer system in and near Foundry Branch has changed this stream&#39;s course. The park sometimes smells of sewage. Storms periodically cause a strong current in the stream, resulting in erosion, disturbance of stream life, and pollution of its water with road runoff and even raw sewage. People, who are likely unwary of the polluted condition of the water, allow their dogs to drink and walk and bath in the water. The park is long and narrow (up to 0.25 mile wide and 2.6 miles long), and mostly surrounded by houses and other buildings. Some people extend their yards into the park, and the NPS asks them to stop this practice.</p><br>
<p>Mount Zion Cemetery/Female Union Band Cemetery/Colored Union Benevolent Association  is a historic cemetery located at 26th Street NW and Mill Road NW in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the United States. Founded in 1808 as The Methodist Cemetery, it was leased and then sold to Mount Zion United Methodist Church. Although the cemetery buried both white and black people since its inception, it served an almost exclusively African American population after 1849. In 1842, the Female Union Band Society purchased the western half of the lot to establish a secular burying ground for African Americans. Both cemeteries were abandoned by 1950, but began to be restored in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Both cemeteries are considered a single unit, and were added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1808 the Dumbarton Street Methodist Episcopal Church purchased the property. Mount Zion United Methodist Church leased for 99 years the east end of the Dumbarton Church Cemetery in 1879. The west end was purchased by the Female Union Band Society, for the burial of free blacks. Interments ceased in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation conducted an historical study of the Mt. Zion section of the cemetery. The cemetery became an Historical Landmark of the National Capital in 1975, and was placed on the National Register of Historical Places, on August 6, 1975.</p><br>
<p>Restoration is underway, by Dumbarton Church as the owner, Mt. Zion, and the Society for the Preservation of Historic Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>The Benther Berg is a ridge, up to, in the Calenberg Land near Benthe in Hanover Region in the German state of Lower Saxony.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Benther Berg is about 3.5 kilometres long and 500 m wide. It lies west-southwest of the city of Hanover and borders immediately on the city boundary.</p><br>
<p>It lies between the following towns and villages: Lenthe (borough of Gehrden) to the north and, somewhater further away in each case, Velber (borough of Seelze) to the north-northeast and the Hanoverian villages of Badenstedt and Davenstedt to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Immediately on its slopes are Benthe, that belongs to the borough of Ronnenberg, and the settlement to the south near the Sieben Trappen Steinen. On the far side of Benthe to the east is Empelde. To the south on the slope of the Benther Berg is Everloh with its manor of Erichshof and to the west is Northen (both in the borough of Gehrden). The Bundesstraße 65 federal road runs by the ridge, roughly in an east-west direction, to the south and east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On the Benther Berg are protohistorical tumuli from the Bronze Age. The name of the hill comes from the nearby village of Benthe to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Hannovers Natur entdecken, erleben, verstehen. Arbeitskreis des Verbandes Deutscher Biologen (Landesverband Niedersachsen). ed. by Elisabeth von Falkenhausen (et al.). Seelze-Velber: Kallmeyer 1998.</p><br>
<p>Rosedale, also known as the Uriah Forrest House and the Coonley Estate, is an historic home, located at 3501 Newark Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Cleveland Park neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1793 by Revolutionary War Colonel Uriah Forrest, thus making it the oldest home in Cleveland Park.</p><br>
<p>A small stone cottage constructed in 1740 was incorporated into the house.</p><br>
<p>Rosedale was owned by Forrest descendents until 1920.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, it was purchased by Avery Coonley, owner of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s Coonley House in Riverside, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The house was rented to the Undersecretary of State, William Phillips in 1933, and to John N. Irwin, II in 1959. It was a faculty residence for the National Cathedral School. In 1977, the youth exchange organization Youth For Understanding bought the premises. YFU sold Rosedale to The Rosedale Conservancy, a local trust, in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Rosedale is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a contributing property to the Cleveland Park Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Sears, Roebuck and Company Department Store, also known as The Cityline Building, is an historic retail building, located at 4500 Wisconsin Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Tenleytown neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Moderne building, was designed by John Stokes Redden and John G. Raben in 1941.</p><br>
<p>Tenleytown was transformed on October 2, 1941 when Sears Roebuck opened its department store on Wisconsin Avenue at Albemarle Street. At the time the store was notable for its size, and for its 300 car rooftop parking lot.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the Wisconsin Avenue elevation was altered for the Tenleytown–AU (WMATA station).</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, Sears abandoned its retail operation at the location, and the building was used by Hechinger hardware until its demise in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places, on February 16, 1996.</p><br>
<p>It was the location of the second Art-O-Matic, from September 29 to October 28, 2000.</p><br>
<p>In the 2000s, the building was converted to a mixed-use development complex called Cityline at Tenley, with luxury condos (The Cityline) on the top levels, a Best Buy and a Container Store at street level, and an Ace Hardware underground, located within the parking garage that serves the aforementioned stores.</p><br>
<p>The Daniels Farm House represents one of the last vestiges of West Texas pioneer farming in Big Bend National Park, Texas. Most of the small-scale farms in the Big Bend area quickly fell into ruin after the park was established in 1944. Larger-scale ranch structures survived in greater numbers, but the small-scale irrigated bottomland farms have not. The farm is located next to the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original landowner was Jesus Estrada, who sold the land to John O. Wedlin, a Swedish immigrant. Wedlin, who had farmed wheat in Kansas, leveled the fields, installing a pump-powered irrigation system, establishing one of the first such farms in the area. Wedlin also built the house now known as the Daniels Farm House as a storage shed for farm equipment. Wedlin lived about a mile away, raising wheat for eight years. He sold the farm to cattleman Joe H. Graham of Del Rio, Texas in 1926. Graham, who owned the Lou Buttrill Ranch in the northern Big Bend, used the grain from the Daniels operation to feed his cattle, turning them out in the fields in winter. The Grahams expanded the operation, but sold the northern 200 acre of the property to John R. Daniels and Mary Coe Daniels of Presidio in 1937. The Daniels moved into the former storage shed, using it as their residence and adding a room to house a small store that catered to local residents in the Boquillas community. Daniels converted about 100 acre to cotton. When the park was established in 1944, the Daniels moved away.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-room adobe building, about 44 ft by 15 ft. The house was roofed with cane latillas over aspen log vigas in a style traditional to the area. Th house&#39;s surroundings retain traces of the irrigated farm environment and possess good historical integrity.</p><br>
<p>A small portion of the Daniels Farm comprising the house and its immediate surroundings is incorporated in the National Register of Historic Places listing, established on October 20, 1989. Much of the immediate area has been incorporated into the National Park Service&#39;s Rio Grande Village, otherwise known as Boquillas.</p><br>
<p>The Vistula Lagoon  is a brackish water lagoon on the Baltic Sea roughly 56 miles  long, 6 to 15 miles  wide, and up to 17 feet  deep, separated from Gdańsk Bay by the Vistula Spit. It is now known as the Vistula Bay or Vistula Gulf. The modern German name, Frisches Haff, is derived from an earlier form, Friesisches Haff.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the Vistula River, notably the Nogat, and the Pregolya River. It is connected to Gdańsk Bay by the Strait of Baltiysk.</p><br>
<p>The Poland–Russia border runs across the lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Localities on the lagoon include Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, and Primorsk in Russia&#39;s Kaliningrad Oblast and Elbląg, Tolkmicko, Frombork, Krynica Morska in Poland. The Polish port of Elbląg used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that has declined owing to the current border situation. Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are currently major seaports on the lagoon.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The earliest version of the name of Vistula Lagoon has been recorded in historical sources by Wulfstan, an Anglo-Saxon sailor and merchant at the end of the 9th Century as Estmere. It is an Anglo-Saxon translation of Old Prussian name for the lagoon - *Aīstinmari (modern Lithuanian - Aistmarės) derived from (OP - Old Prussian) Aistei - "Ests", (LAT - Latin)"Aestii" etc. and (OP) *mari - "lagoon (a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand), fresh water bay". The Ests were Baltic people who since 9th Century became called in some historical sources (first time by Bavarian Geographer) Bruzi, Pruzzen, Pruteni etc. - Old Prussians. So the oldest known meaning of the name of Vistula Lagoon was "The lagoon or sea of the Ests". Over three hundred years later, in the first half of the 13th Century, the name of Vistula Lagoon occurs in deeds issued by Teutonic Order in Latin version as Mare Recens (1246 - "mare" - a pool or lake or sea and "recens" - fresh) in contrast to the contemporary name for the Baltic Sea - Mare Salsum (Salty Sea). Then in 1251 we find record about Mare Recens et Neriam (Frisches Haff and Frische Nehrung, now Vistula Spit) and finally in 1288 Recenti Mari Hab (Haff) which as one can see corresponds with later German "Frisches Haff"="Fresh Lagoon".</p><br>
<h2>Proposed canal</h2><br>
<p>Digging a canal to connect the lagoon with the Baltic Sea is in consideration as a major EU-supported project. The canal, would re-activate the Elbląg river port. It would also free its dependence on Russia, which time and again revokes the right of passage for Polish ships through Strait of Baltiysk as a form of pressure on Polish authorities.</p><br>
<p>In October 2016 details of the project were confirmed by PiS leader, Jarosław Kaczyński. The 1.3 km long, 80 metres wide and 5 metres deep canal shall be completed by 2020 at an estimated cost of PLN 880 million. However, major ecological considerations stand in the way. For example, mammal migration along the lagoon could be disrupted. Also, the inflow of brackish waters from the Baltic sea could result in serious unbalancing of the lagoon&#39;s freshwater ecosystem.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1772 until 1918, the lagoon was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which had become part of the German Empire in 1871. Between 1920 and 1946 it was split between Germany and the Free City of Danzig. At present state since 1945 its eastern part belongs to Russia (formerly USSR), Poland has 43.8% of its area at lagoon&#39;s western side. The bordering administrative regions is polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and modern Russian Kaliningrad Oblast, which had name Königsberg Oblast during half of 1946.</p><br>
<h3>Kursenieki</h3><br>
<p>While today the Kursenieki, also known as Kuršininkai are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit, in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk), including the area around the Vistula Lagoon. The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the Germans, except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered Latvians until after World War I when Latvia gained independence from the Russian Empire, a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, Memel, and other territories of East Prussia which would be later dropped.</p><br>
<h3>Historical events related to lagoon</h3><br>
<p>From January until March 1945 throughout the Evacuation of East Prussia refugees from East Prussia crossed the frozen lagoon on their way to the west after the Red Army had reached the coast of the lagoon near Elbing on January 26. Attacked by Soviet fighter aircraft thousands of them were killed or broke through the ice.</p><br>
<p>The Tarrabool Lake – Eva Downs Swamp System is an ephemeral wetland complex lying on the west of the Barkly Tableland region in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is listed on Australia’s Register of the National Estate and on the DIWA wetland directory.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The system comprises Tarrabool Lake and a swamp to its north-west on the Eva Downs pastoral lease. In wetter years, the two water bodies merge to form a single freshwater wetland of up to 2,750 km&sup2;. Tarrabool Lake and Eva Downs Swamp are usually inundated seasonally and may retain water for a year or more after major flood events.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>Tarrabool Lake is dominated by low, open coolibah woodland, with lignum shrubland, patches of open northern bluebush shrubland, and with extensive areas devoid of trees. The centre of Eva Downs Swamp is dominated by open belalie woodland in association with lignum shrubland, and is surrounded by northern bluebush shrubland, with tall tussock grassland to the south-east, and coolibah woodland in the south. Drying or marshy areas of the system have prolific swathes of groundcover plants such as Schoenoplectus dissachanthus. Nardoo is common.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>The core of the wetland system has been identified as an 1,186 km&sup2; Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports over 200,000 waterbirds when extensively flooded. It has periodically supported over 1% of the world populations of Australian pelicans and straw-necked ibises, their breeding colonies being among the largest recorded in the Australian tropics. Other birds which have bred in the IBA in relatively large numbers include freckled ducks, great and intermediate egrets, glossy ibises, gull-billed terns, magpie geese, plumed whistling-ducks, grey teals and hardheads. Nationally vulnerable Australian painted snipes bred at Tarrabool in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Under-the-Rim Trail is a 22.9 mi hiking trail in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. The trail was established by the National Park Service to provide access to the portions of the park located below the rim of the Paunsaugunt Plateau, whose edge forms the eroded natural amphitheater for which the park is famous. Plans dating to 1932 proposed the trail so that wooded portions of the park&#39;s east side could be accessed, primarily for fire suppression activities rather than for access to scenic features. Work began on the trail in 1934, using Civilian Conservation Corps labor from CCC Camp NP-3, with work continuing into 1935.</p><br>
<p>Besides the main trail, the trail complex includes the Sheep Creek Connecting Trail, the Swamp Canyon Connecting Trail, the Whiteman Connecting Trail and the Agua Canyon Connecting Trail. The Sheep Creek Trail was a pre-existing roadway that was used for sheep drives. The total length of the trail complex is 32 mi</p><br>
<p>The Under-the-Rim Trail and its branches, except for the Sheep Creek Trail, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jivaro is a private man-made reservoir lake in southeast Shawnee County, Kansas. Built in the early 1960s, it is just east of Shawnee Heights Road. The dam of the lake is at the north end and the lake is roughly the shape of a tooth with both its roots. The lake has a 97.7 acre surface area. It is lined with residences along about half of its shore.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jivaro has a community boat ramp at its northeast corner, at the west end of the dam. If it is to be used, permission must be obtained, as it is private property. There are no public boat ramps on the lake. There are also no public swimming areas. Fishing is allowed. The GoingOutside.com and Hook and Bullet websites say the lake has bass, walleye, bluegill, white perch and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Central Bethlehem Historic District is a national historic district located at Bethlehem, Lehigh County and Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 165 contributing buildings, 6 contributing sites , 9 contributing structures, and 4 contributing objects. It is primarily residential, but also includes commercial buildings along Main Street. Most of the buildings were built between the mid-18th to early-20th century. The buildings are primarily 2 1/2 stories tall and constructed of brick or stone. More recent residences are frame construction. The district encompasses building that reflect Bethlehem&#39;s development from a Moravian community, 1741-1844, to an industrial based economy, 1845-1938. Notable non-residential buildings include several communal Moravian buildings, the George H. Myers Building, and the Hill to Hill Bridge. Located in the district is the separately listed Lehigh Canal.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, with a Boundary Increase in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Riggs Spring Fire Trail, also known as the Riggs Spring Loop Trail, was built in Bryce Canyon National Park in 1936 to provide access to the park&#39;s backcountry for fire suppression crews. The approximately 8 mi trail is significant for its association with Civilian Conservation Corps labor from CCC Camp NP-3, and represents the last link in the series of access trails built in the mid-1930s, beginning with the Under-the-Rim Trail, also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The trail descends eastward from Rainbow Point in the southern end of the park, descending along The Promontory, and turning back south, then west, then north to return to the road via Yovimpa Pass, ending at returning to Rainbow Point. The primary purpose of the trail was to provide reliable access to the backcountry of the southern portion of the park.</p><br>
<p>The Riggs Spring Fire Trail was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Bryce Canyon National Park Scenic Trails Historic District comprises the trail system that was developed to allow day hikers to view or to descend into Bryce Canyon National Parks natural amphitheater of eroded sandstone hoodoos from the developed portion of the park on the rim of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Five trails are included in the National Register of Historic Places district: the Navajo Loop Trail, the Queens Garden Trail, the Fairyland Trail, the Peekaboo Loop Trail and the Rim Trail. Mainly built between 1917 and 1935, these trails intersect to create a continuous network of trails. Portions of the trails were constructed by Civilian Conservation Corps labor from CCC Camp NP-3.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Navajo Loop Trail closely follows its original alignment, leading to the "Wall Street" section of the amphitheater. The Queen&#39;s Garden Trail covers the area between Sunrise and Sunset Points, leading to the Queen Victoria rock formation. The trail includes two tunnels. The Peekaboo Loop Trail is about 4.4 mi long, starting at Bryce Point. The eastern portion of the loop enters Peekaboo Canyon, then crosses to Bryce Canyon, then back into the Peekaboo Canyon drainage along the base of the Wall of Windows formation. The trail returns through a tunnel. The Fairyland Trail is about 5 mi long, running through Fairyland and Campbell canyons. The Rim Trail follows the edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau for 5.3 mi between Fairyland Point and Bryce Point. Portions of especially heavy use have asphalt paving.</p><br>
<p>The Under-the-Rim Trail and the Riggs Spring Fire Trail connect to the day-hike trail system to provide access to the park&#39;s backcountry. Both are separately listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Bryce Canyon trail system was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early trail construction focused on the area adjacent to the Bryce Canyon Lodge between Sunrise Point and Sunset Point. It is believed that what is now the Navajo Loop Trail incorporates sections from 1917, immediately after the National Park Service took over administration from the USA Forest Service, and may include some earlier USFS-built paths. The Queen&#39;s Garden Trail, the Navajo Trail and the Peekaboo Loop Trail were completed about 1929, most for foot traffic, with horse and foot traffic for the Peekaboo trail. This trail featured a spring with a horse trough and water fountain. Additional connecting trails were built at this time. The remainder of the trails in the district were completed between 1929 and 1935. Portions of the Rim Trail and the Fairyland Trail were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1934-35.</p><br>
<p>The Old Custom House Inn is located at 69 and 71 Watergate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The inn originated from two former houses, their undercrofts now forming the inn&#39;s cellars. The older house, on the east side, is dated 1637, and the west house dates probably from the early 18th century. Part of Chester Rows formerly passed through the buildings, but this was enclosed in 1711. The inn also incorporates a former cottage to its rear built on a burgage plot. When it opened as an inn it was called The Star Inn, but later changed its name in the late 18th century because the custom house of the port of Chester stood opposite. The building has been altered on a number of occasions, most recently in the 1990s when an extension was added to the rear of the former west house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The former east house is constructed with sandstone in the lower storey, and timber framing above. It has an undercroft, and two storeys plus an attic. On the side facing Watergate Street is a gable, an entrance door, a beer-drop door, and a five-light transomed window in the lower storey. Between the storeys is a bressumer carved with vine leaves, grapes, and the initials "T.W.A.". The upper storey contains a seven-light transomed oriel window, with a small two-light window on each side. Around these windows are panels, some of which are plain, the others arched. The gable is jettied and carries the date 1637. It contains a three-light mullioned casement window with herringbone struts at the sides and above it. The bargeboards are plain. The former west house has a rendered lower storey, and a brick upper storey. It has a doorway and two three-light windows in the lower storey, and sash windows above. The former cottage at the rear is in Georgian style. It is constructed in brick on a sandstone plinth, with a grey slate roof. It contains sash windows, and two dormers in the gables above. Many alterations have been carried out to the interior of the inn, but it does retain oak beams dating from about 1642, and a carved stone fireplace.</p><br>
<p>43 Bridge Street is an undercroft and shop in Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It is also known as St Michael&#39;s Rectory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally a town house, but in 1659, soon after it was built, it was bequeathed to the parish of St Michael for use as a rectory. It ceased to be used as a rectory in 1907, and was converted into a shop by an antique dealer named Crawford. It was restored in the late 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in timber framing with plaster panels, the shop has a grey slate roof. It has four storeys, and consists of a single, narrow bay. A portion of the Chester Rows passes through the first floor. At street level is a modern shop front, behind which is the former undercroft. At the front of the first floor is a rail on balusters, behind which is a stallboard, the paved walkway of the Row, and a modern shop front. Above this is a row of five ornately shaped panels. The second floor contains a three-light mullioned and transomed casement window, with two panels on each side. The top storey is jettied and gabled. It contains a row of six plain panels, above which is a small three-light casement window with two panels on each side, and a queen post gable with patterned bargeboards and a finial. The interior has retained part of a 17th-century moulded ceiling, the form of the galleried former great hall, and an 18th-century staircase. In also contains four panels depicting the Stations of the Cross. These appear to be medieval, but are in fact plaster panels painted to resemble wood that were installed by Crawford when the rectory was converted into a shop.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>As of October 2012 the building is occupied by previously Porr&#39;s Collection costume jewellery. As of November 2013 is now 2 Good 2 B True fashion Jewellery and accessories shop at street level and by Mad Hatters Tea Room & Bakery at row level and above.</p><br>
<p>The Nine Houses, of which only six remain, are in Park Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. The row of houses is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. They face the eastern portion of Chester city walls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The houses are the only surviving pre-16th-century almshouses in Chester. They were built in about 1650. By the 1960s the houses were in a dilapidated state and were in danger of collapse. There were campaigns to preserve them led by the Chester Civic Trust and the Chester Archaeological Society. A report was prepared by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, following which they were renovated and rebuilt by Chester City Council in 1968–69. The end wall had to be repaired in old brick, and the rear wall was completely rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The row consists of six adjoined cottages in two storeys. Each cottage consists of a single bay. The lower storey is constructed in brick on a low sandstone plinth, with stone dressings around the entrance doorways that contain oak-boarded doors. The upper storey is timber-framed and jettied, and has a gable that is jettied further. In the lower storey of each cottage is a 12-pane horizontally-sliding sash window. Each upper storey contains a 16-pane vertically-sliding sash window.</p><br>
<p>Sugar Loaf Farm is an early 19th-century cluster of agricultural, industrial, and residential buildings located in a bucolic setting approximately 7.5 miles southwest of Staunton, Virginia and 1/2 mile southeast of Sugar Loaf Mountain. As a member of the USA National Register of Historic Places, Sugar Loaf Farm maintains the only surviving brick grist mill in Augusta County, Virginia. The brick grist mill on the property combines the mechanical principles of Oliver Evans, a prominent mill designer of the late eighteenth century, with the engineering craftsmanship and building detail of molded brick cornices, a vernacular architecture in the upper Shenandoah Valley in the early 1800s. The Farms three original buildings, the farmhouse, grist mill and millers house, were all constructed by David Summer at a time when Augusta County had emerged as the center of one of the most dominant wheat-growing and flour-processing regions in the South. Sugar Loaf Farm serves as a valuable reminder of the wheat-based agriculture that persisted in this region well into the twentieth century. Today, Sugar Loaf Farm is a privately run farm that specializes in raising Black Angus cattle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sugar Loaf Farm is named after the distinctive cone-shaped hill on the property that has been a local landmark for centuries. The main portion of Sugar Loaf Farm was owned by John Summers as early as 1773. By 1830, John Summerss son, David, had built the three original buildings—the farmhouse, the grist mill and the millers house. After David Summer&#39;s death in 1857, the farm was purchased by Jacob Bowman and remained in the Bowman family until the twentieth century. Since the Bowman ownership, Sugar Loaf Farm has passed through a variety of owners and is currently owned by a large, privately run cattle operation.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A working farm for nearly 200 years, the agricultural and milling complex gains its meaning through the relationships between the buildings and their surroundings, including fields, roads and streams. The major buildings were constructed within one decade, as parts of a whole. However, changes in family size, architectural tastes, economic markets and agricultural technologies have had a significant impact on the appearance of these structures and on the surrounding landscaping. The property embraces approximately 2,200 acre in area, including an area of 408 acre occupied by the buildings included in the National Register of Historic Places designation; this includes the brick grist mill, miller&#39;s house, and stone springhouse.</p><br>
<h3>Brick Grist Mill</h3><br>
<p>The design of the mill is based on the principles of mill construction developed by Oliver Evans (1755–1819). Evans was a leading figure of the time is designing alternatives to the overly complex methods for operating water-powered mills. The mills he designed could be operated by one person, using a single continuous production line and can be found in his book, The Young Mill-Wright and Miller&#39;s Guide.</p><br>
<p>The brick grist mill on Sugar Loaf Farm is a four-story masonry structure. Each level of the grist mill served a different purpose. Controls for the machinery were located on the first level, the grinding process took place on the second level and sifting and grain storage were located on the third and fourth levels. Very little of the original mill machinery is left in the grist mill, but the original hurst frame, which precisely follows Oliver Evan&#39;s design, is still there.</p><br>
<h3>Miller's House</h3><br>
<p>The millers house and the mill have remained relatively original since their construction in the 1820s. The miller house is a two-story home with two rooms on each level, a north exterior chimney and a corbeled cap. In keeping with the architecture of the main farmhouse at the time, the millers house included decorative brick cornice molding, oak window and doorframes and a hall-parlor floor plan that was similar to the main farmhouse but at a smaller scale.</p><br>
<h3>Stone Springhouse</h3><br>
<p>The limestone springhouse is located east of the main farmhouse near Eidson Creek, the primary water source of the original enterprise and the controlling utility for the grist mill. The building was probably constructed along with the primary buildings (1820s) as evidenced by the method in which its gable roof rafters and the door and window frames are fashioned after the other primary buildings on the complex.</p><br>
<p>Today, Sugar Loaf Farm is a family operated estate that specializes in raising Black Angus cattle. Located in the heart of the Shenandoah Valley it remains a significant cultural artifact for Augusta County, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Dutch Houses are at 20, 22 and 24 Bridge Street Row, Chester, Cheshire, England. They are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was erected in about 1670, possibly above earlier undercrofts. The name reflects the trade undertaken with the Low Countries around that time. At the time it was built, it was the tallest and most impressive building in Bridge Street, and remained so for over 200 years. By the 1970s the building was in a state of decay, and it was restored and rebuilt in 1973–75 by Chester City Council. The rebuilding involved removing the whole of the façade and rebuilding it, and replacing the internal timberwork with steel. In the process many of the internal features were lost.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Dutch Houses are constructed on sandstone piers, probably originating from the medieval period, with timber framing from the late 17th century, and rendered brickwork from the late 17th or the 18th century. It consists of three bays in four storeys plus an attic. The bottom storey incorporates the undercrofts, and a portion of the Chester Rows passes through the first floor. The lowest storey, at street level, includes modern shop fronts. At the level of the Row are painted wood barley sugar balusters with rails. Behind these are stallboards, the paved walkway of the Row, and more modern shopfronts. The third and fourth storeys are jettied, both containing barley sugar pilasters and casement windows of varying sizes. The attic storey is set back, each bay containing a three-light mullioned and transomed window.</p><br>
<p>Josephine Butler Parks Center is an historic house, located at 2437 15th Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Meridian Hill neighborhood. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places as House at 2437 Fifteenth Street, NW.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1927 Renaissance revival house was designed by George Oakley Totten, Jr., for Mary Foote Henderson, widow of Senator John B. Henderson.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, the house was sold to the American Legion.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, it became the embassy of the People&#39;s Republic of Hungary.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, it bought by B.C.G. Associates, and rented,</p><br>
<p>In 1982, it was bought by the New China News Agency.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, it was bought by Coolidge House Associates.</p><br>
<p>The Parks Center is an office for the non-profit Washington Parks and People.</p><br>
<p>Oddfellows&#39; Hall, originally Bridge House is at 16–24 Lower Bridge Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hall was originally a town house built in 1676 for Lady Mary Calverley. She had petitioned the City Assembly for permission to demolish her house, which contained a section of the Chester Rows, and replace it with a new house. This was granted, but as it led to the loss of a portion of the Rows she was fined £20. During the early 18th century the house was occupied by John Williams, a local attorney general. Since that time the building has been used for various purposes, including a school, a club, offices, and shops. The access to the building was altered in the late 19th century. Also in that century a sixth bay was added to the north, and in the later part of the century the ground floor was projected forward to incorporate shops. As of 2011 it is in use as a restaurant and hotel called Oddfellows Chester and a part of the Oddfellows hotel group of boutique hotels.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed in brick, rendered at the front, and it has a grey slate roof. It is in three storeys and has six bays. On the street level, the third bay from the south has a projecting entrance porch. On each side of its arched doorway is a pilaster, and above the doorway is a broken pediment, over which is a frieze inscribed with. The other bays in the ground floor contain modern frontages. The first and second floor bays are linked and articulated by a colossal order formed of superposed Doric pilasters, and each bay contains a sash window. At the top of the building a cornice is supported on square brackets. The interior contains richly ornamented baroque decoration.</p><br>
<p>Evermay, also known as the Samuel Davidson House, is an historic house, located at 1623 28th Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Georgetown neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Federal-style home was built in 1801 for Samuel Davidson, a prominent 18th century businessman and landowner.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architect Nicholas King, the first surveyor of Washington, D.C., and founder of the city&#39;s first library.</p><br>
<p>The interior was renovated in 1818.</p><br>
<p>A porch was added in 1877, by Henry Hayes Lockwood, and John D. McPherson.</p><br>
<p>F. Lammot Belin restored it in 1923, and F. Lammot Belin, Jr. added a brick "orangery," to the east front, in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Sachiko Kuno and Dr. Ryuji Ueno, bought it for $22 million, in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The couple also own another historic Georgetown mansion Halcyon House.</p><br>
<p>Evermay is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor House is a historic home in Tallahassee, Florida. The home was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on April 6, 2015. The Taylor House Museum, located at 442 West Georgia Street, was also added to the Tallahassee-Leon County Register of Historic Places on October 26, 2011. On July 27, 2012, the Florida Department of State designated the home a Florida Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Taylor House Museum of Historic Frenchtown</h2><br>
<p>The Taylor House, a historical landmark in the Tallahassee Community, was built in 1894 by Lewis Washington Taylor and Lucretia McPherson Taylor, and is a historical museum and research facility for Leon County, Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Lewis Washington Taylor</h2><br>
<p>L.W. Taylor (1865-1931), was a well-known educator, businessman and community leader. He taught at Centerville School, Old Lincoln High School (Tallahassee, Florida) and Bel Air, a one-room, rural schoolhouse on ground which had once been an ante-bellum plantation. Taylor broke barriers for African-Americans in Leon County, as he taught and tutored White children from well-to-do families for 10 cents. Self-employed as a proprietor of a jewelry store, Taylor made his jewelry out of gold wire which he kept in an upstairs bedroom of the Taylor home.</p><br>
<h2>Lucretia McPherson Taylor</h2><br>
<p>Lucretia Taylor descended from the Edwards, a pioneer Leon County family. She was a master cook and seamstress. Taylor was born a slave on May 19, 1865 in Tallahassee, a day before the Emancipation Proclamation was read downtown at the Knott House by General Edward M. McCook. She cooked for the family of Lewis M. Lively for whom the Lively Technical Center, located on the campus of Tallahassee Community College is named. Married on Dec. 17, 1887, the Taylors were parents to 13 children, who all spent time in front of a classroom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home remained in the Taylor family until it was abandoned in 1978. In 1995, the Taylor House had come within a week of being demolished by the city until Aquilina Howell, granddaughter of the Taylors and a legendary community leader who went on the become the first woman assistant school superintendent in Leon County, turned to the Tallahassee Urban League, Inc. The Urban League purchased and restored the two-story structure to its original appearance; completing rehabilitation in 2001. Today, the home serves as the Taylor House Museum of Historic Frenchtown, owned and operated by the Tallahassee Urban League, Inc.</p><br>
<p>Wet Sleddale Reservoir is an artificial reservoir set amongst the Shap Fells 4 km south of the village of Shap in Cumbria, England and lies just within the boundary of the Lake District National Park. The triangular shaped reservoir, which can store 2,300 million litres of water, was created by the construction of a dam across Sleddale Beck in order to supply Manchester with water. The dam is 21m high and 600m long.</p><br>
<p>The extracted water is carried to Haweswater, mainly through tunnels.</p><br>
<p>The beck emerges from the foot of the dam as the River Lowther. There is a public car park beneath the dam from which a public right of way gives access to the south side of the reservoir. Alfred Wainwright describes a walk from here in the Wet Sleddale Horseshoe chapter of his The Outlying Fells of Lakeland.</p><br>
<p>Manchester Corporation were given powers to construct the reservoir under the Haweswater Act, 1919 but construction did not start until the 1960s and completion was in 1966.</p><br>
<p>South Bethlehem Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Bethlehem, Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 288 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects. It encompasses a concentration of late-19th through early 20th century commercial, municipal, industrial and residential buildings in Bethlehem. Most of the buildings date from about 1900 to 1935. Notable non-residential buildings include several Bethlehem Steel-related buildings, the South Bethlehem Post Office , Bethlehem Public Library , Protection Firehouse , E.P. Wilbur Trust Building , Holy Infancy Catholic Church , St. John Windish Lutheran Church , Windish Hall , and the Banana Factory .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Lehigh Valley Silk Mills refers to a collection of mills located in the Lehigh Valley. The industry began in 1881 and thrived throughout the Industrial Revolution. The Lehigh Valley Silk Mills also refers to a specific company that owned the Lipps & Sutton Silk Mill and Warren Mill. The first silk mill in the Lehigh Valley opened in 1881 followed by many others. By 1900, there were twenty-three silk establishments in the Lehigh Valley, making Pennsylvania the second largest producer of silk in the world. The silk industry in Pennsylvania peaked in the late 1920s due to cheap labor, mainly from immigrant workers&#39; children and wives. However, after the Great Depression, increasing labor unrest and competition from other textile industries began to affect the silk industry locally and nationally. By 1953, Allentown had become the number one silk city in the world, but even then, the number of looms had decreased. At the time, only six mills continued to work with silk exclusively. Other mills either shut down due to bankruptcy or shifted to the production synthetic fibers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As the United States entered the Gilded Age, the demand for luxurious silk clothing spiked. During the late 1800s silk was becoming popular with the growing middle class who wished to emulate the wealthy tycoons of the day. The growing industrialized American silk industry answered this demand. After the Civil War, an American silk industry became established in Paterson, New Jersey. There, the silk manufacturers relied on skilled workers, who demand good wages and working conditions. By 1880, new machines were changing the way silk was spun, knitted, and woven, as a result silk mill owners were looking to build new mills in areas with a large supply of low-cost labor. As it turned out, the collapse of the national railroad building boom in 1873 devastated the iron industry. In the wake of closing iron mills, Lehigh Valley business leaders saw an opportunity in the business of silk producers. They advertised the region&#39;s good railroads, secure supply of coal power, and cheap non-unionized labor.</p><br>
<p>Interest in silk in the Lehigh Valley can be seen as early as 1762, but the industry did not become established on a large scale until The Adelaide Silk Mill, the first silk mill in the Lehigh Valley, opened in November 1881. This was soon followed by the R.H. Simon Silk Mill in 1883. By 1900, there were twenty-three silk establishments in the Lehigh Valley, making it and Pennsylvania the worlds second-largest producer of silk, second only to New Jersey. As many as 224 mills produced silk in the Lehigh Valley between 1881 and 1989. The silk industry peaked in the late 1920s. The industry was Allentowns largest employer during this time. In 1928, the peak production year, 106 mills operated simultaneously in the Lehigh Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Silk industry was drawn to the Lehigh Valley for its access to water, power and labor. The spinning machines in the mills required constant tending, and provided jobs that suited the women and children of that era. Because of this they had a tendency to be located near mines and other heavy industries that would attract men to work, who would bring their wives and children to possibly seek employment.</p><br>
<p>In an attempt to address issues with youth unemployment, in 1883 Easton formed its first "industrial association". After establishing the association, the associates needed to attract business to Easton. They successfully developed a partnership with a New Jersey silk manufacturing company. Robert and Herman Simon expanded their enterprise from Union Hill, New Jersey west to Easton, Pennsylvania. It was at this time that the R&H Simon Company constructed buildings along 13th Street, Easton. At the start, the company had a workforce of 250 people. The facility expanded in 1899 by increasing its workforce to 1,060. The mill eventually employed 1,200 workers and included 1,500 pieces of machinery. The R&H Simon Silk Company was the largest producer of black silk ribbon in the world and at one point in time employed up to 2,000 workers at its Easton plant.</p><br>
<p>The deaths of Robert Simon and Herman Simon in 1901 marshalled in a trans-formative period for the company. The Easton Industrial Corporation managed the company from roughly 1933 – 1985, periodically loaning the property. In 1991, Pfizer Pigments Inc. transferred the property to James and Helen Garofalo and Helen Beth Garofalo-Vilcek who subsequently transferred the property to the City of Easton in 2006.</p><br>
<p>One of the most important men of the American Silk industry, Desiderius George Dery, also made his home in the valley. By 1920 he was the largest single producer of silk in the world, and 8 of his 15 mills were located in the Lehigh Valley.</p><br>
<p>The demise of the silk industry in the Lehigh Valley can be traced to the Great Depression, Southern competition and new synthetics. After that the Great Depression, increasing labor unrest affected the industry locally and nationally. After peaking in the 1920s, silk, like the rest of the luxury goods industry, suffered heavily in the Great Depression. The Lehigh Valley lost at least fifty-eight silk mills from 1929 to 1939. Many new mills were opening in the South due to the availability of cheaper labor. During World War II the silk supply, which predominantly came from Japan, was cut off. After the war, new synthetic fibers developed during the war, such as nylon, replaced silk in many garments. Some mills clung on shifting to Rayon or other materials. By 1953, Allentown which had become the number one silk city, had decreased the number of looms by 80 percent, with only six mills working exclusively with silk. The next few decades saw increasing international competition from low-wage countries. The Catoir Silk Co., established in 1918, was the last silk mill in Allentown and closed in 1989. The industry was killed off through the globalization of the 1960s through 1980s, that brought cheaper goods produced in other countries.Low wage labor, which had originally brought the silk industry to the Lehigh Valley, was what led to its departure from the region.</p><br>
<h2>Child Labor and Female Employment</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the late 1800s, child labor was common throughout Pennsylvania silk mills as many families depended on additional income for subsistence. Compared to adult males who’s yearly wages hovered around $485.11 and adult females who’s remained at $345.44, minors of either sex only earned roughly $143.64 yearly. This large wage gap made child labor attractive to mill owners, and quickly drew manufacturers to the Lehigh Valley area. Between 1880 and 1925, the value of silk products manufactured in Pennsylvania increased tenfold. At this time, working children were the cheapest form of labor used to maximize profits. In 1876, roughly 30 silk manufacturers opened plants in Pennsylvania largely due to the availability of child labor and the lack of concern for children in the wage labor force. By 1907, children comprised roughly 30% of the labor force throughout the Pennsylvania silk mills, many under the legal working age of 12.</p><br>
<p>Although child labor persisted throughout the early 1900s, a progressive reform to keep children in school and out of the silk mills was quietly brewing. Throughout the Progressive Era, journalists, settlement house workers and a philanthropic organization called the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) studied, documented, and publicized the dangers of the work place for growing children. The committee pushed for legislation limiting hours of work and types of employment for young people and helped set a minimum legal working age. Between 1900 and 1920, the changes the reformers pushed for were slowly implemented but suffered many setbacks. Lack of enforcement by state factory inspectors made it difficult to ensure that silk mill manufacturers were abiding by the terms of the progressive reform and many laboring families still depended on their children’s wages. Despite this, children’s wages began to grow and soon after, children between the ages of 12 and 15 were slowly phased out of the silk mill labor force altogether. This progressive reform in setting a minimum legal working age lead to the shift from children in the workforce to female employment.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, around the Lehigh Valley area, a study of immigrant women conducted by the United States Department of Labor and the United States Women&#39;s Bureau illustrated that there was a large shift in the number of wives and mothers that occupied positions in the silk mill industry. In the early 1900s the silk mills employed a large population of girls under the age of 18 who worked to financially support their families during this time of economic distress. Areas within the Lehigh Valley such as, Allentown and South Bethlehem, had two to threefold more girls under the age of 18 working compared to women over the age of 25. As the 1900s began to take shape, starting around the 1920s, the age of women changed drastically as new progressive laws pushed young females out of the industry. New legislation during this time lead to an increase in employment of married women in labor industries.</p><br>
<p>The shift from child labor to the labor of adult, married women was one that all progressive pioneers strived for, yet may have seemed pessimistic during the late 19th Century to early 20th Century. As families began to require a higher level of financial assistance, this led to a need for at least more than one source of income. Wages at silk mills were often much lower than that needed to be able to efficiently support a family; although, the wage was helpful as it was better than no income at all. Even with respect to the new legislation passed, parents still kept their kids out of the workforce well over the legal age of fourteen. By the late 1920s it was widely acceptable to see women work outside of the house in order to provide additional income for families. In addition, young children were able to maintain more years of schooling, ultimately increasing their human capital for future endeavors.</p><br>
<h2>Silk Mill redevelopment</h2><br>
<h3>R&H Simon Silk Mill</h3><br>
<p>The R&H Simon Silk Mill was originally built in 1883 along Bushkill Creek on North 13th street in Easton, Pennsylvania. The mill was bought in 2006 by the Easton Redevelopment Authority, and developers Mark Mulligan and William Vogt of VM Development Group joined the $50 million project. Construction of the project began in 2010. In addition, another building at 544 N. 13th Street that is part of the Simon Silk Mill, will be developed into four additional apartments by B2 Ventures of Bethlehem, which is owned by developer Borko Milosev. The plans for the Mill include 150 residential units and at least 150,000 square feet of commercial space. The plan entails two thirds of the apartments to be one-bedroom spaces and the remaining third to be two-bedroom spaces. The new buildings will contain some of the original brick walls, refurbished wood floors and restored windows. In addition, a piece of industrial machinery will be removed from inside one of the mills and left in a prominent outdoor location. The refurbished area and apartments are intended to be ready for tenants to move in by spring of 2016. The project’s success is crucial to the city’s economic future and is intended to be a space for resident artists to form a community. Throughout the project’s redevelopment stages, environmental remediation was necessary. In the basement of one of the main mill buildings, workers found contaminated soil. Due to the building’s industrial history as a silk mill, soil and groundwater was contaminated with metals and organic compounds. Remediation of the area was approved by state environmental officials and was successfully completed. The R&H Simon Silk Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in December 2014.</p><br>
<h3>Dery Silk Mill</h3><br>
<p>Located in Catasauqua, PA, the Dery Silk Mill was built in 1897 by Desiderius George Deri. The building is an L-Shaped building with three stories on Race and Front streets and once employed 400 workers. The renovations of the mill began in 1984 with the purpose of improving the walls by removing poison ivy, steam-cleaning and repointing. In addition, the windows were removed, improved, and reinstalled. The now rental complex has 35 units with restored maple flooring and spaces divided by dry wall and duplexes created with beams and lofts.</p><br>
<h3>Adelaide Silk Mill</h3><br>
<p>Opening in November 1881, the Adelaide Silk Mill was built by businessmen from Allentown for the Phoenix Manufacturing Co., a silk maker from Paterson, NJ looking to relocate. The mill is a U-shaped building at 333 W. Court St. off of the Jordan Creek in the Lehigh Canal. The mill was redeveloped after operations ended in 1964. Currently, the mill is vacant but it has been used as an antique market, a fitness facility, and many other businesses. There were plans in 2013 to convert the two buildings into 150 apartments and commercial space under the declaration of a Keystone Opportunity Zone, which would exempt the property from real estate taxes for the first ten years. The Allentown School Board and Lehigh County Commissioners voted against this.</p><br>
<h3>Bethlehem Silk Mill</h3><br>
<p>The Bethlehem Silk Mill is located on West Goepp Street in Bethlehem, Pa. In 2006, the complex was in the process of being developed by Ashley Development and Philadelphia-based Campus Apartments Inc. into student apartments for Moravian College. The $15 million redevelopment project was four months from completion when a fire broke out. The fire marked the end of Moravian College’s investment in the redevelopment project. The five building complex was then re-bought in 2008 by Abraham Atiyeh. Abraham Atiyeh continued with the plans to turn the complex into apartments. As of October 2012, Atiyeh had sold a portion of the property to his former business partner, Ramzi Haddad. This portion of the property was pre-approved for the building of 90 more apartments. As of 2012, Atiyeh also had an ongoing discussion to sell the existing 61 apartments to a New York Real Estate Company. The Bethlehem Silk Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in February 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Lipps & Sutton Silk Mills</h3><br>
<p>The Lipps & Sutton Silk Mill is located in Fountain Hill, Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The mill was completely redeveloped in the early 1990s into multiple use spaces some of which include: apartments, municipal offices and police headquarters. The buildings were renovated using federal historic preservation tax credit. In addition, in 1993, the mill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places because it was one of the first mills in the area during the Industrial Revolution. Currently, it is the location of the administrative offices for the Fountain Hill Borough.</p><br>
<p>Fountain Hill Historic District is a national historic district located at Bethlehem, Lehigh County and Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 44 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure. The buildings include elaborate, architecturally distinctive mansions, smaller managers and merchants dwellings, and public church buildings. The mansions are the focus of the district and include the Linderman / Schwab Mansion , Robert Sayre House , and Elisha Packer Wilbur Mansion . Notable non-residential buildings include the Masonic Temple and Nativity Episcopal Cathedral . The Hill to Hill Bridge is also included in the district. Located in the district is the separately listed Lehigh Valley Railroad Headquarters Building.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Horse Barn at Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, is a rustic structure built in 1929, shortly after the National Park Service assumed control of the new park lands from the USA Forest Service. The Park Service set about improving facilities in the park, using a design by the Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an example of NPS design work of the late 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The barn measures about 18 by. The wood frame building is covered in 12 in weatherboards and rests on a concrete slab. The west side features a board-and-batten entry door with a small vision light. with a four-by-four light sliding window on the main level and a four-light hopper window in the gable. The east side includes a four-by-four light sliding window on the main level and a board-and-batten door for hay in the gable. The south side includes board doors flanked by four-by-four sliding windows and a paneled entry door at the south end. The interior of the barn has been converted to a mechanic&#39;s shop. It consists of two small rooms and one large room, with board wall finishes in the small rooms and gypsum wallboard finish in the larger room. The barn has been moved from its original location to a small collection of NPS and Utah Parks Company structures that were moved to the site from the 1950s. The original site was close to the present Old National Park Service Housing Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Pusilhá is an archaeological site in Belize. The location of this Late Classic Maya urban complex along the east and west flow of trade afford archaeologist a historical view of a secondary Maya site. Continuing excavation has changed the overall picture of Maya social and political relationships between larger and smaller cities. The research conducted at Pusilhá began at the beginning of the 20th century and continues to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site of Pusilhá is located in the Toledo district of Belize in the town of San Benito Poité. Situated between the Poite and Pusilha rivers that run east and west may have had an impact of why the Maya urban complex was built there. The site is also located favorably between the Caribbean to the south and the Maya Mountains to the east. Pusilhá was also situated in the region for the flow of goods and ideas from the central lowlands and southeastern periphery located in Honduras. With the major Maya urban sites of central lowlands at Caracol and Tikal and the southern lowland site of Copan, Pusilhá was possibly a major transfer point for economic activates in the whole of the lowland region</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The initial site survey was conducted in 1927 by archaeologists from the British Museum Expedition to British Honduras that was led by Thomas Joyce. The survey led to the removal of the best preserved stelae from Pusilhá to the British Museum in London. The survey yielded dates and calendrical glyphs that were included in Sylvanus G. Morley’s discussion work The Inscriptions of Petén. Thomas Joyce also conducted an extensive ceramics evaluation in 1929. In the intervening 70 years very little research has been done at Pusilhá. This state of affairs has changed with research and excavations carried out by Geoffrey Braswell and the Pusilha Archaeological Project beginning in 2001. The excavation that has continued to present has exposed three major areas at the center of Pusilhá to archaeological interpretation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pusilhá has a series of confirmed occupation date. It is known through ceramic analysis that this site is dateable to the late classic. A stelae found on site indicates a late classic occupation. According to Braswell, the current excavator of the site, “Stela P begins with the initial series date of 9.7.0.0.0 and contains a historical retrospective date of 9.6.17.8.18 (A.D. 570), implying that the kingdom was founded shortly before the beginning of the Late Classic period”. He does state that excavations from surrounding residential areas away from the complexes center seem to indicate an early classic occupation but additional excavation is required to confirm this for the rest of the site. Transitions in ceramics, burials and construction coupled with the usual cessation of inscriptions on stelae indicate continued occupation at Pusilhá through to the post classic. The last official date, which is a calendar round date, occurs at 9.18.7.10.3, or A. D. 798.</p><br>
<h2>Political</h2><br>
<p>The initial excavation and surveys seem to show that politically Pusilhá was a second tier polity. The ceramics evidence showed that there were ties to Copan and Quirigua. It also seems likely that there were connections between Tikal and Caracol as those polities rose to prominence in the Petén. Based in part to the favorable location of Pusilhá along both east and west corridors of trade and the north and south axis of influence that had Caracol to the north and Copan to the south it seemed likely that the polity was politically dependent to one of its larger neighbors. But the current archaeological evidence indicates that Pusilhá maintained its independence.</p><br>
<h2>Ruling Elite</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological evidence indicates that Pusilhá was a traditional Maya "elite" led urban complex. There are known to be eight rulers that are associated with the Pusilhá emblem glyph from the late Classic period with a possible two additional from the Terminal Classic. All total there are 39 named individuals that have been discovered by the epigraphers in the hieroglyphic record. Of note is an individual who at first was linked as a ruler of Copan based on the artifactual record of that polity. k’ak’ u ti’ chan is the name of Ruler B of Pusilhá as well as Ruler 11 at Copan and was first ascribed to be the same individual. Further research has shown that they were contemporaries to each other that had different known parentage.</p><br>
<h2>Site Significance</h2><br>
<p>The site of Pusilhá has the one representation of bridge construction that has survived to modern time. The polity of Pusilhá also offers a look at the quantity and quality of the stelae available for study from a secondary urban complex. This site may represent an alternative method of looking at how the Maya govern themselves that is contrary to prevailing view of conquest and absorption of smaller cities into the larger cities in the region. To truly understand this site it must be stated that research and excavation is at a very early stage and that more work is required to fully understand the place that Pusilhá holds in the greater Maya world.</p><br>
<p>Park House is at 37–41 Lower Bridge Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Park House was built in about 1717 as a town house for Elizabeth Booth. It was extended in the late 18th century, and in 1818 was converted into a hotel named the Albion Hotel. At this time the 2 acre of parkland behind the house were converted into Chester&#39;s first public pleasure gardens. The gardens closed in 1865 when the Grosvenor Park was being developed, and working-class terraced houses were built on the site. At some time the name of the hotel was changed to the Talbot Hotel. The house later became used as a library, and later as a licensed premises and shop. Alterations were carried out in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed in brick that is rendered on the front. It has stone dressings and a grey slate roof. The architectural style is Georgian. The building is in three storeys with a semi-basement; it is symmetrical with five bays. The central bay contains a projecting porch with Tuscan columns. Seven steps lead up to the main entrance. Four steps go down to the north semi-basement, and two to the south semi-basement. At the sides of the building are rusticated quoins. Each bay on all storeys contains a sash window. The interior includes a ballroom.</p><br>
<p>Shipgate House is at 2 Shipgate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. The house takes its name because it stands near the site of the old Shipgate, which has been moved and rebuilt in Grosvenor Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest parts of the house date from the 17th century, but most of its remaining fabric is from a rebuilding in the middle of the 18th century. In 1963 the house and an adjoining cottage were bought by Cheshire County Council with a view to demolishing them and building an extension to County Hall. However this was successfully opposed by the Chester Civic Trust. The house was substantially restored between 1971 and 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The basement is constructed in coursed sandstone, and probably dates from the 17th century. The rest of the house is in red-brown Flemish bond brick. The dressings are in stone, and the hipped roof is in grey slate. The building is in three storeys plus the basement, and has three bays. There are three steps leading down to an entrance doorway in the basement. Leading up to the entrance on the bottom storey is an L-shaped stairway of five and four steps. Over the door is a fanlight, and it has a fluted pilaster on each side. Above it is a pediment supported by modillion brackets. Each bay on every storey contains a sash window with a stone sill below and a keystone above. Between the storeys are stone bands. The projecting eaves are carried on a stone cornice beam. The interior is notable for its open-well oak staircase rising through all the floors; it has square newels, and two barleysugar balusters on each step. The house is listed at Grade II* because of its façade and its oak staircase.</p><br>
<p>The 120-acre Brick Township Reservoir site, located on Herbertsville and Sally Ike Roads</p><br>
<p>is a source of municipal water for towns in Ocean County, New Jersey and is owned by the Brick Township Municipal Utilities Authority. The reservoir, while often referred to as "Brick Reservoir" is actually located in both Brick</p><br>
<p>and Wall Townships,</p><br>
<p>with 80 of the 120 acres within Wall Township borders.</p><br>
<p>Through a joint agreement with Wall Township, police, fire and first aid protection for the reservoir are provided by Brick Township.</p><br>
<p>The Brick Reservoir is a pumped reservoir that draws its water from the Metedeconk River watershed unlike the nearby Manasquan Reservoir which uses the Manasquan River watershed as its source. The reservoir can pump up to 24 e6USgal</p><br>
<p>of water daily through its 4.7-mile pipeline connection to the river.</p><br>
<p>When the reservoir basin is filled to capacity, it covers approximately 90 acres of the property.</p><br>
<p>The $19.4 million</p><br>
<p>reservoir opened May 7, 2005, is 90 ft deep and has a capacity of 1 billion gallons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is constructed on the site of an abandoned gravel pit, the</p><br>
<p>authority purchased the property in April 1996 for $810,000, which was mostly funded through</p><br>
<p>a 30-year lease to a communication company for a cell phone tower.</p><br>
<p>To prepare the former gravel mining site for use as a reservoir existing buildings and debris</p><br>
<p>were removed, including approximately 33,500 tons of steel slag and</p><br>
<p>7,000 tons of Kaofin, a legally dumped by-product</p><br>
<p>from Marcal Paper corporation. An additional 1,000,000 cubic yards</p><br>
<p>of overburden material were excavated and removed from the site.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the reservoir&#39;s construction it was only the second fully</p><br>
<p>lined reservoir in the United States. The reservoir&#39;s design is based</p><br>
<p>on an existing lined reservoir in Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir&#39;s liner is</p><br>
<p>40 mil think and covered by 18 inches of soil with a narrow rock breakwater</p><br>
<p>surrounding the shore line to protect against wave erosion.</p><br>
<p>The design life of the</p><br>
<p>reservoir is anticipated to be around 75–100 years.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>There is a public 1.6 mi perimeter trail which encircles the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is permitted on the reservoir and there are several 40-by-100-foot fishing stations</p><br>
<p>located on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Coat School is located in Upper Northgate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the school was built, it was the site of a medieval hospital. In 1700 a charity school was built in the precincts of Chester Cathedral; it was the first school outside London to be established by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. The charity school was moved to the Blue Coat School, which was built in 1717. Almshouses were built behind the school. The school was originally an L-shaped building, with its main wing on Upper Northgate Street, and a south wing looking towards Chester city walls. The south wing contained a chapel, and the main wing the schoolroom and dormitories. In 1733 a north wing was added. A new façade was added to the main wing in 1854, and new almshouses were built. The clock was added the following year. The school closed in 1949, and the buildings were occupied by the Chester College of Higher Education (now part of the University of Chester). Its name has been incorporated in the title of Bishops&#39; Blue Coat Church of England High School.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building has a symmetrical U-shaped plan, and is constructed in brick with stone dressings. It has a hipped roof in grey slate, and is in two storeys. The main block has five bays, with the entrance bay in the centre; the second and fourth bays are recessed. Between the bays, and on the corners of the building, are rusticated quoins. The entrance bay leads to a through passage. The entrance is surrounded by a Tuscan-style doorcase with a basket arch. Above it is a niche containing the painted statue of a Blue Coat boy sculpted by Edward Richardson. In the upper storey is a six-pane sash window, above which is a pediment containing a circular clock face. The recessed bays contain a basket-arched 19-pane sash window, and each lateral bay has a doorway with pilasters, above which is a blank panel. Between the storeys is a stone band. Every bay in the upper storey has a sash window similar to that in the central bay. Centrally on top of the block is an octagonal cupola with a copper roof. The internal faces of the lateral wings have fenestration similar to that in the main block. Their front faces have basket-arched sash windows, and the north wing has an additional basement window.</p><br>
<p>The Myers-White House, also known as Sycamore Grove, is a private residence located near Hertford in the Bethel Township of, Perquimans County, North Carolina. It is one of the oldest private homes in the state. The exact construction date is not known. It was likely constructed in the early 1700s. Thomas Long  is assumed to be the architect and builder. It is a 1 1/2-story frame dwelling with brick ends and a gambrel roof. It is one of the two known gambrel roof houses with</p><br>
<p>brick ends in the state. It is a member of the small group of 18th century frame houses with brick ends in northeast North Carolina; the group includes the Sutton-Newby House and the Old Brick House.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Marungu highlands are in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the west of the southern half of Lake Tanganyika.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The highlands are divided by the Mulobozi River, which flow into the lake just north of Moba port.</p><br>
<p>The northern section reaches an altitude of 2,100 m while the larger southern part reaches 2,460 m.</p><br>
<p>Mean annual rainfall is around 1,200 mm, mostly falling between October and April.</p><br>
<p>The soil is relatively low in nutrients.</p><br>
<p>A sublacustrine swell extends from the Marungu plateau under the southern basin of Lake Tanganyika, subdividing it into the Albertville and Zongwe basins. The Zongwe trough holds the deepest part of the lake, at 1,470 m below the present lake level.</p><br>
<p>Alluvial cones from the rivers that drain the Marungu Plateau are present in the foot of the Zongwe trough, and there are many V-shaped valleys below the lake level.</p><br>
<p>These features indicate that during the Quaternary (2.588 million years ago to the present) the lake level has varied greatly, at times being much lower than is now.</p><br>
<p>The explorer Henry Morton Stanley noted this feature when he visited the region in his journey of 1874–77. He wrote, "Kirungwé Point appears to be a lofty swelling ridge, cut straight through to an unknown depth. There seems ground for believing that this ridge was once a prolongation of the plateau of Marungu, as the rocks are of the same material, and both sides of the lake show similar results of a sudden subsidence without disturbance of the strata."</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The higher parts of the highlands are Miombo woodland savannas, with scrub plants on the slopes and some dense forest in the ravines, and remains of riparian forest along the streams.</p><br>
<p>Forest plants include Parinari excelsa, Teclea nobilis, Polyscias fulva, Ficus storthophylla and Turrea holstii in ravines, and Syzygium cordatum, Ficalhoa laurifolia and Ilex mitis by the water.</p><br>
<p>Hyperolius nasicus is a small, slender tree frog with a markedly pointed snout, a very poorly known member of the controversial Hyperolius nasutus group. It is known only from its type locality in the Marungu highlands at Kasiki, at 2,300 m.</p><br>
<p>The greater double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris prigoginei) is found only in the riparian forest of this area.</p><br>
<p>The sunbird is found in only a few areas of riparian forest. It has been recorded from Kasiki, the Lufoko River, Matafali, Pande and Sambwe.</p><br>
<p>It is one of 25 bird species in Zaire (out of 1,086 in total) that were considered threatened in 1990.</p><br>
<p>A 1990 book recommended conservation measures in the Highlands focusing on endemic plants. The Marungu Highlands riparian forest patches are in great danger of destruction from logging and from stream bank erosion by cattle.</p><br>
<p>There have been proposals to conserve the forests that border the Mulobozi River and Lufuko River above 1,500 m within nature preserves.</p><br>
<h2>Early reports</h2><br>
<p>Prehistoric stone tools, facies with rare bifaces, have been found in the region dating from the Early Pleistocene (over 780,000 years ago) to the present Holocene epoch.</p><br>
<p>During that period the climate alternated several times between arid or semi-arid and pluvial.</p><br>
<p>The English explorer Richard Francis Burton visited the region in 1857–59.</p><br>
<p>At that time Marungu was one of the sources of slaves collected by the Arabs and taken to the great slave market at Ujiji.</p><br>
<p>The Watuta had earlier plundered the land and almost wiped out the cattle of the inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>A merchant from Oman who had lived in the region for five months told Burton it was divided into three distinct provinces. There were Marungu to the north, Karungu in the center and Urungu in the south. Burton also heard of a Western Marungu, divided from the eastern by the Runangwa River. Burton was somewhat skeptical about the name, which he thought was more likely that of a race than a country.</p><br>
<p>Burton reported that,</p><br>
<p>Stanley visited Marungu in 1876. He wrote, "Though the mountains of Marungu are steep, rugged, and craggy, the district is surprisingly populous. Through the chasms and great cañons with which the mountains are sometimes cleft, we saw the summits of other high mountains, fully 2500 feet above the lake, occupied by villages, the inhabitants of which, from the inaccessibility of the position they had selected, were evidently harassed by some more powerful tribes to the westward."</p><br>
<p>Joseph Thomson visited the region in 1878–80. He reported that there was no head-chief in Marunga, which was divided into three independent chieftainships that sometimes engaged in warfare. From north to south these were call Movu, Songwe and Masensa. The chiefs were called Manda, Songwe and Kapampa. The people were "most excitable and suspicious", and Thomson had difficulty in obtaining permission to travel through the country.</p><br>
<p>Thomson wrote,</p><br>
<p>Thomson said of the terrain, "We had now no gentle undulations and rounded valleys, but savage peaks and precipices, alternating with deep gloomy ravines and glens. Ridge after ridge had to be crossed, rising with precipitous sides, and requiring hands and knees in the ascent. Now we would go up 3000 feet, to descend as far, repeating the process three times a day, and never getting half a mile of moderately good walking ground." He visited during the rainy season, which added to his discomfort.</p><br>
<p>Thomson conceded, "... the savage and awe-inspiring grandeur of the mountain scenery we traversed in Marungu was not without its relief. Here the sun, darting his rays through a rift in the overhanging cloud-bank, would glorify as if with a golden crown some conspicuous peak, or smile upon some pleasant glade; and there glimpses of Tanganyika would be obtained, 2000 feet beneath us, its waters in the distance seeming as calm and undisturbed as the sleep of innocence."</p><br>
<p>The Olmsted Power Station is a historic building located in Orem, Utah, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Olmsted Station Power House * Off USA Highway 189 * Provo, Utah</h2><br>
<p>The Olmsted Station Power House was built in 1904, by L. L. Nunn and his brother and chief engineer, P. N. Nunn. The plant received its name in honor of Fay Devaux Olmsted, who played a key role in helping the Nunn brothers design the plant, contracted and died from Tuberculosis before the plant was completed. The plant, when running at full capacity, was able to provide twelve megawatts of power, which is enough for about three thousand homes. Along with the Power station these men established an institute, known as the Telluride Institute, which was home to approximately forty students. This institute was the first corporation sponsored electrical school in the USA, and continued to operate until 1912 when Utah Power and Light Company attained the property.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>In order to harvest the power of falling water, new technology needed to be invented. To facilitate this, the Nunn brothers worked with George Westinghouse, hoping he would be able to use falling water to power transformers, switches, and water powered generators. The Nunn brothers provided Westinghouse with a pouch of gold worth fifty thousand gold, and eventually the technology was available so that the plant could be built and become an efficient energy source. The Olmsted power station still provides Provo with power today.</p><br>
<h3>Original Equipment</h3><br>
<p>Although there have been extensions to the original equipment in both 1917 and 1948, the Olmsted Station Power House still retains some original equipment. The original equipment comprises Three general Electric generators (2300 volts), Three Lambard governors, One general electric water driven exciter with Pelton wheel (125 DC volts), Nine general electric transformers (2300–44,000 volts), Nine westinghouse oil switches, One sycrometer, and Four general electric field rheostats.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972; the listing included two contributing buildings on 5.2 acre.</p><br>
<p>The True Reformer Building is an historic building, located at 1200 U Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Shaw neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by John Anderson Lankford. The building was commissioned by the Grand United Order of True Reformers in 1902. It was dedicated on July 15, 1903. During that dedication, the Reverend William Lee Taylor stated that the goal was to "put up a building in Washington that would reflect credit upon the Negro race." It is significant that the building took shape as a result of an African American architect, with African American financing, and built with African American hands.</p><br>
<p>The Knights of Pythias bought the building in 1917.</p><br>
<p>From 1937 to 1959, the Boys Club of the Metropolitan Police of the District of Columbia, leased the building; Eleanor Roosevelt rededicated the building.</p><br>
<p>Other tenants have included: Washington Conservancy, the DC Chapter of the National Negro Business League, the First Separate Battalion.</p><br>
<p>Duke Ellington gave his first performance here.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Public Welfare Foundation bought it in 1999.</p><br>
<p>It was renovated from the winter of 2000, until February 2001, designed by Sorg & Associates.</p><br>
<h2>Public Art</h2><br>
<p>G. Byron Peck&#39;s mural to Duke Ellington on the side of the building used to overlook the U Street Metro station.</p><br>
<p>It was completed in 1997, and located on the sidewall of Mood Indigo.</p><br>
<p>It was relocated to the True Reformer Building.</p><br>
<p>The mural was removed in 2012 for restoration. Its removal was made permanent in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District surrounds and includes the Bryce Canyon Lodge in Bryce Canyon National Park, as well as the survivors of a large complex of buildings that comprised the core of the park&#39;s visitor services area in the 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Lodge and cabins</h2><br>
<p>The complex is located near the edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau in the northern end of the park, centered on the Bryce Canyon Lodge, designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood. The National Historic Landmark district includes the Lodge and fifteen so-called "Deluxe Cabins," the survivors of a complex that included more than sixty cabins and service structures surrounding the Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The historic district, which was expanded from the original National Historic Landmark district in 1995, includes service structures and a greater portion of the wooded landscape around the main Lodge. Buildings in the historic district include a recreation hall, a dormitory for employees, a pump house, a linen house, and the remaining six standard cabins.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The dormitory, the only structure in the complex that was not designed by Underwoods office, was designed in a compatible style by the Office of the Chief Engineer of the Utah Parks Company and reviewed by the Park Service. Built between 1937 and 1938, the one-story building is a "studs-out" structure linke others in the neighborhood, with sheathing mailed to the inside face of the buildings frame, leaving the frame exposed to the outside. Unlike other stud-out structures in the neighborhood, the dormitory lacks diagonal framing members. The building has a hipped roof. A porch on the north side shelters the main entry. The east and west elevations also have entry doors. The interior comprises a central hallway with accommodations to either side. A former recreation room has been converted to additional dormitory space. The remodeled interior does not contribute to the building&#39;s significance.</p><br>
<p>The recreation hall, also known as the girls dormitory, was built about 1927. The one-story frame studs-out structure is covered with a hipped roof. The interior is divided into three major rooms, the largest of which is a recreation room with a large stone fireplace. The interior has not been extensively remodeled, and contributes to the buildings significance.</p><br>
<p>The pumphouse is built similarly to the deluxe cabins, with vertical log framing, and is believed to have been designed at about the same time. The small rectangular building has a gable roof. It has two rooms divided from each other by a stone wall. One room contains a pump, and the other is a storage area. The sheathing and wood roof rafters are exposed to the interior. The linen house is nearby. A studs-out building, it is believed to have been built at about the same time as the standard cabins. The building is filled with shelves and is used for linen storage. The interior is liberally covered with graffiti left there by concessions employees, the earliest dating to the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>There are six standard cabins remaining, all built about 1925. All are one-story studs-out structures with hipped roofs. The shingles are applied in a wavy pattern similar to that of the main lodge. Bathrooms and possibly ceilings were added to the cabins in 1940-41. The cabins stand between the lodge and the deluxe cabins, with the pump house and linen house at the farthest end. All, including the two utility structures, were designed by Underwood.</p><br>
<p>The district was established through the expansion of the district encompassing the Bryce Canyon Lodge and deluxe cabins, but unlike the original district, is not a National Historic Landmark District. The expansion took place on April 25, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Baker Mansion is a historic home located at Altoona in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was built between 1844 and 1848, and is a three-story, dressed stone building in the Greek Revival style. The front facade is five bays wide and features six fluted Ionic order columns. The building houses the Blair County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Baker Mansion was originally home to ironmaster Elias Baker and his family. Baker purchased the nearby Alleghany Furnace in 1836 in partnership with his cousin Roland Diller. Elias brought his wife, Hetty, and their two sons, David Woods and Sylvester, from Lancaster County to what was described as a "tolerable good mansion house" near the furnace. Shortly after they arrived, a daughter, Anna, was born. A fourth child, Margaretta, was born in 1839, but she died of diphtheria at the age of two. In 1844, Elias Baker bought out his cousin&#39;s share in the furnace. That same year, he contracted with Baltimore architect Robert Cary Long, Jr. to design him a new home. Work got underway on the mansion in 1845 but many problems and delays retarded its completion until 1849. The total cost was about $15,000. The cost overruns, coupled with falling prices for iron, pushed Mr. Baker to the brink of financial ruin before the home was finished. Still, Baker, ever the determined businessman, pressed ahead and achieved his dream house. He would enjoy it for fifteen years until his death in 1864. Hetty Baker remained a widow until her death in 1900.</p><br>
<p>David Woods Baker married Sarah Tuthill in 1851 and they had one daughter, Louise, in 1852. However, Woods was killed in a steamboat boiler explosion just two and a half weeks after the birth of his daughter. Louise later married Ernst Beckman and returned with him to live in his native Sweden. Sylvester and Anna both remained single and lived in the mansion until their deaths. After Anna died in 1914, the mansion was closed until 1922, when the Blair County Historical Society leased the building and opened it as a museum. With the communitys support for a major fundraising campaign, the society was able to purchase the house in 1941. Since then, the mansion has served as the Societys headquarters and has become a beloved community landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the Society completed an exterior rehabilitation, returning the building to its original appearance. Work has begun on interior rehabilitation. The project is financed in part from a state Redevelopment Assistance Capital grant and from local matching funds the Society is working to raise.</p><br>
<p>In February 2015, Joseph DeFrancesco was named Executive Director of the Blair County Historical Society. In July of that year, the BCHS received an award from the Central Pennsylvania Community Foundation for Technology.</p><br>
<p>In August 2015, the double parlor was restored back to original condition.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Boughton Lodge is a house and cottage at 58–60 Filkins Lane, Great Boughton, to the east of the city of Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest parts of the building date from the late 16th or 17th century, although it was razed to the ground in the 1640s when the Parliamentary army was advancing towards the city during the Civil War. Only traces of timber framing have survived. Most of the current fabric of the building dates from the 18th and early 19th century. The building has been converted into a house, a cottage and flats.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The lodge has a long, irregular plan, and its exterior is rendered. It is roofed in grey slate, and is in two storeys. On the entrance front the doorway has a pointed arch in the style of the 13th century. On the sides are projecting wings with gables, and the cottage extends to the left of the left wing. Some of the windows are sashes, and others are casements under pointed arches.</p><br>
<p>Dee House is in Little John Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The house is built on the southern part of the site of Chester Amphitheatre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dee House was built in about 1730 as a town house for John Comberbach, a former mayor of Chester. Extensions were made in the 1740s to the south and southwest, giving the house an L-shaped plan. It continued in use as a private residence until about 1850, when it was sold to the Church of England. In 1854 it passed to the Faithful Companions of Jesus, a religious institute of the Roman Catholic Church, who used it as a convent school. They added a wing to the east, which incorporated in its ground floor a chapel designed by Edmund Kirby. The chapel is in Gothic Revival style, in contrast to the rest of the building in Georgian style. A west wing in Neo-Georgian style was added in about 1900. In 1925 the building was taken over by the Ursulines, another religious institute. In 1929 they added another block to the south of the building, and during the process the remains of a Roman amphitheatre were found beneath it. In the early 1970s the convent closed and the building was used as offices by British Telecom. They vacated the building in the early 1990s and it has been empty since.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed in brick with stone dressings, and has slate roofs. Its plan consists of a central block and two wings. The central block is in Georgian style, the west wing is Neo-Georgian, and the east wing, which incorporates the chapel, is Gothic Revival. The windows in the central block and the west wing are sashes, and those in east wing are lancets. The slates on the roof of the east wing are in grey and purple bands. On the apex of the roof of this wing is a cross finial.</p><br>
<p>The Loop C Comfort Station and the Loop D Comfort Station are public toilet facilities in Bryce Canyon National Parks North Campground, individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for their significance as structures relating to the parks administrative infrastructure, and for their integrity as examples of rustic architecture. The National Park Service rustic style structures were built in 1935 as part of the first planned campground in the park by Civilian Conservation Corps labor. Plans were developed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs. Similar facilities in Loops A and B were not built until the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The comfort stations are rectangular log buildings of one story. The logs are saddle-notched. The interior has separate facilities for men and women, separated by a utility room. The gable roof is covered with wood shakes. Rafter ends are exposed. The original chopper-cut log ends have been cut down flat.</p><br>
<p>The comfort stations were individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995. The entire campground was considered for eligibility, but retains little historic integrity apart from the two comfort stations.</p><br>
<p>The New York Hotel is a historic hotel in Fruitland Park, Mississippi. Constructed in 1914, the building is a 1½ story, 12 bedroom, shingle-style structure containing 3600 square feet . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Establishment of the Fruitland Park community was part of an organized effort to convert cutover pinelands of south Mississippi into farms. Thousands of parcels of cutover land in the South were marketed to farmers in the midwestern and northeastern United States between 1900 and 1920. The New York Hotel operated from 1914 until 1919 to serve potential buyers of property in the planned community. Since most of the immigrant farm families returned to their homelands after becoming discouraged by the hot summers and failed crops, Fruitland Park never developed into the town that was envisioned. After the hotel closed, the structure served as a single-family dwelling.</p><br>
<p>Friendship Armstrong Academy is a public charter school located in the Truxton Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Historically a black school, it is housed in the former Armstrong Manual Training School, also known as the Samuel Chapman Armstrong Technical High School.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by local architect Waddy B. Wood in 1902. The Renaissance Revival building was one of two segregated manual training schools constructed for the city&#39;s African-American youth. It was named for Samuel C. Armstrong. It was dedicated by Booker T. Washington, on October 24, 1902.</p><br>
<p>The building served as Veterans High School, between 1958 and 1964. Since 1964, it has served as the Armstrong Adult Education Center. It is currently functioning as an elementary public charter school under the name Friendship Armstrong Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Principals</h2><br>
<p>Wilson Bruce Evans</p><br>
<p>Garnet C. Wilkinson</p><br>
<p>Carter G. Woodson</p><br>
<p>Benetta B. Washington</p><br>
<p>Francis A. Gregory</p><br>
<p>Lashawn Brown</p><br>
<p>Jeffery Scanlon</p><br>
<h2>Graduates</h2><br>
<p>Jimmy Cobb</p><br>
<p>Ellsworth Davis</p><br>
<p>Billy Eckstine</p><br>
<p>Duke Ellington</p><br>
<p>Lillian Evanti</p><br>
<p>John D. Fauntleroy</p><br>
<p>Anita Ford Alien</p><br>
<p>Len Ford</p><br>
<p>Rick Henderson</p><br>
<p>Bill Kenny</p><br>
<p>John Malachi</p><br>
<p>Bubba Morton</p><br>
<p>Hubert B. Pair</p><br>
<p>Charlie Rouse</p><br>
<p>William Robert Smalls</p><br>
<p>Decatur Trotter</p><br>
<p>Samuel Wilbert Tucker</p><br>
<p>Rufus P. Turner</p><br>
<p>John A. Wilson.</p><br>
<p>Willie Wood</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Yancey</p><br>
<p>The Old Bishop&#39;s Palace is located in an elevated position overlooking The Groves and the River Dee in Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Building of the palace began before 1745, and it was completed in 1751. It was built for Samuel Peploe, Bishop of Chester. The palace was substantially expanded in the 18th century, and altered again in the 19th century but, apart from the main door, its external appearance has been virtually unchanged since the 18th century. It became the official residence of the bishops of Chester in 1865, and continued to be used for this purpose until the 1920s. It then was converted for use as a YMCA hostel, and retained this purpose until the early 1980s, when it was further converted into commercial offices.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The palace is constructed in red brick with stone dressings and has grey slate roofs. It is in three storeys plus cellars, and has a hipped roof. The front of the main block facing the river has eleven bays with rusticated quoins at the corners. The fourth to sixth bays form a canted projection rising through the three storeys containing the entrance door in the ground floor. All the other bays in each storey contain a sash window. Between the ground and first floors is a stone band. Above the upper storey is a stone cornice and a brick coped parapet. There is a one-bay wing at the right end of the building. In the wing and on the sides of the building are more sash windows. The interior contains an open-well staircase with six flights and turned balusters; the balustrade has replaced a former Chinese Chippendale balustrade. On the first floor is a large room with an 18th-century decorated ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The Schadenbeeksköpfe are two summits on a southeastern outlier of the Aschentalshalbe in the Harz Mountains of Germany, about 3.6 kilometres southeast of Sieber in the district of Osterode am Harz in Lower Saxony. Their highest peak is 605 metres above sea level. In addition they separate the Schadenbeek stream, after which they were named, from the upper Krumme Lutter. About 1 kilometre east of the Schadenbeeksköpfe lies the Wolkenhügel Pit , in the valley of the Krumme Lutter, which closed in June 2007. A refuge hut not far from the Schadenbeeksköpfe is a checkpoint  in the Harzer Wandernadel hiking badge system.</p><br>
<h2>Woods</h2><br>
<p>Today the upper slopes of the Schadenbeeksköpfe are mainly covered by spruce whilst, lower down, deciduous woods also occur. In the year 1596 they were still completely covered by beech.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Topographische Karte 1:25000, Nr. 4328 Bad Lauterberg im Harz</p><br>
